Periodic episodes of low oxygen (hypoxia) and elevated CO2 (hypercapnia) accompanied
by low pH occur naturally in estuarine environments. Under the influence of climate change …

Lobsters and crayfish in Australasia can develop a condition known as Tail Fan Necrosis
(TFN syndrome). Many attempts have been made to find a primary pathogen or link the …

Diel-cycling hypoxia is widespread in shallow portions of estuaries and lagoons, especially
in systems with high nutrient loads resulting from human activities. Far less is known about …

Lobsters have an open circulatory system with haemolymph that contains microorganisms
even in the healthy individuals. Understanding the role of these microorganisms becomes …

Shellfish comprises a variety of animals including bivalves–oysters, clams, quahogs,
scallops, mussels, and others including crustaceans–lobsters, crabs, and shrimps. Shellfish …

The brown crab Cancer pagurus is widely distributed in east Atlantic coastal areas and has
great ecological and commercial importance, but in many populations a high proportion of …

The reliance on wild stocks of ornate spiny lobster (Panulirus ornatus) for aquaculture and
fisheries production will be reduced with the recent development of hatchery technology …

Anomura, of all the decapod infraorders, has had a particularly unstable taxonomic history,
with groups such as the dromiacean crabs and the thalassinidean shrimps being variously …