Our planet is changing at paces never observed before. Species extinction is happening at
faster rates than ever, greatly exceeding the five mass extinctions in the fossil record …

Highlights•Nodulation of legumes is encoded by at least three genetic rhizobial
strategies.•The 'nod'strategy has been the most successful evolutionarily.•Evolution of nod …

Living things are organized in a hierarchy of levels. Genes group together in cells, cells
group together in organisms, and organisms group together in societies. Even different …

Background The need to enhance the sustainability of intensive agricultural systems is
widely recognized One promising approach is to encourage beneficial services provided by …

From an evolutionary perspective, social behaviours are those which have fitness
consequences for both the individual that performs the behaviour, and another individual …

While the importance of mutualisms across the tree of life is recognized, it is not understood
why some organisms evolve high levels of dependence on mutualistic partnerships, while …

Natural selection favours genes that increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce.
This would appear to lead to a world dominated by selfish behaviour. However, cooperation …

The occurrence of cooperation poses a problem for the biological and social sciences.
However, many aspects of the biological and social science literatures on this subject have …

Explaining mutualistic cooperation between species remains one of the greatest problems
for evolutionary biology,,,. Why do symbionts provide costly services to a host, indirectly …

All fungi invading plant foliage have an asymptomatic period in their life cycle that varies
from an imperceptibly short period (eg pathogens) to a lifetime (eg Neotyphodium …