Blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous
system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB …

The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914,
that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood …

Abstract Development of novel therapies for central nervous system (CNS) disorders has
experienced a high failure rate in clinical trials owing to unsatisfactory efficacy and adverse …

Effective drug delivery in the central nervous system (CNS) needs to have long blood-
circulation half-lives, to pass through the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and subsequently to be …

The successful delivery of nanoparticles to solid tumors depends on their ability to pass
through blood vessels and into the tumor microenvironment. Here, we discovered a subset …

Extravasation is the first step for nanomedicines in circulation to reach targeted solid tumors.
Traditional nanomedicines have been designed to extravasate into tumor interstitium …

Stimuli‐responsive “smart” hydrogel biomaterials have attracted great attention in the
biomedical field, especially in designing novel on‐demand drug delivery systems. As a …

Controlled microrobotic navigation in the vascular system can revolutionize minimally
invasive medical applications, such as targeted drug and gene delivery. Magnetically …

A healthy brain is protected by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which is formed by the
endothelial cells that line brain capillaries. The BBB plays an extremely important role in …

The glymphatic system is a perivascular fluid transport system for waste clearance.
Glymphatic transport is believed to be driven by the perivascular pumping effect created by …