Obesity is a complex, chronic disease and global public health challenge. Characterized by
excessive fat accumulation in the body, obesity sharply increases the risk of several …

Background The global rise of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and
cardiovascular disease, demands a thorough molecular understanding of the cellular …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous intracellular organelle and the first
compartment of the secretory pathway. As such, the ER contributes to the production and …

Inflammation is an essential immune response for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In
a general sense, acute and chronic inflammation are different types of adaptive response …

The spliced form of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) is an active transcription factor that
plays a vital role in the unfolded protein response (UPR). Under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) …

Stress induced by accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum is
observed in many physiological and pathological conditions. To cope with endoplasmic …

Stress-signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved and play an important role in the
maintenance of homeostasis. These pathways are also critical for adaptation to new cellular …

Since the discovery that rapamycin, a small molecule inhibitor of the protein kinase mTOR
(mechanistic target of rapamycin), can extend the lifespan of model organisms including …

Protein-folding stress at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a salient feature of specialized
secretory cells and is also involved in the pathogenesis of many human diseases. ER stress …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a progressive disease that is characterized by the appearance of
insulin resistance. The term insulin resistance is very wide and could affect different proteins …