Decades of work have identified the signaling pathways that regulate the differentiation of
chondrocytes during bone formation, from their initial induction from mesenchymal …

Like the obesity epidemic, our understanding of adipocytes and adipose tissue is
expanding. Just in the past decade, substantial advances have led to new insights into the …

Much of the mammalian skeleton is composed of bones that originate from cartilage
templates through endochondral ossification. Elucidating the mechanisms that control …

The development of the musculoskeletal system is a complex process that involves very
precise control of bone formation and growth as well as remodeling during postnatal life …

Adipocytes are the defining cell type of adipose tissue. Once considered a passive
participant in energy storage, adipose tissue is now recognized as a dynamic organ that …

PTHrP was identified as a cause of hypercalcemia in cancer patients 25 yr ago. In the
intervening years, we have learned that PTHrP and PTH are encoded by related genes that …

A milestone in the evolutionary emergence of vertebrates was the invention of cartilage, a
tissue that has key roles in modeling, protecting and complementing the bony skeleton …

Histone deacetylases (Hdacs) are conserved enzymes that remove acetyl groups from
lysine side chains in histones and other proteins. Eleven of the 18 Hdacs encoded by the …

Bone development is a tightly regulated process. Several integrated signaling pathways
including HH, PTHrP, WNT, NOTCH, TGF-β, BMP, FGF and the transcription factors SOX9 …

Objective To identify mechanisms by which Smad3 maintains articular cartilage and
prevents osteoarthritis. Methods A combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches was used …