Importance Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-mediated neurodegenerative disease
of the central nervous system characterized by inflammatory demyelination with axonal …

Astroglia are a broad class of neural parenchymal cells primarily dedicated to homoeostasis
and defence of the central nervous system (CNS). Astroglia contribute to the …

Increasing evidence indicates the involvement of B cells in the pathogenesis of multiple
sclerosis (MS), but their precise roles are unclear. In this Review, we provide an overview of …

Neuroaxonal damage is the pathological substrate of permanent disability in various
neurological disorders. Reliable quantification and longitudinal follow-up of such damage …

For decades, it was commonly accepted that the brain is secluded from peripheral immune
activity and is self-sufficient for its maintenance and repair. This simplistic perception was …

In the majority of patients multiple sclerosis starts with a relapsing remitting course (RRMS),
which may at later times transform into secondary progressive disease (SPMS). In a minority …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease with a relapsing–remitting disease
course at early stages, distinct lesion characteristics in cortical grey versus subcortical white …

B cells represent a relatively minor cell population within both the healthy and diseased
central nervous system (CNS), yet they can have profound effects. This is emphasized in …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental factors that act
on a genetically susceptible host. It features three clinical stages: a pre-clinical stage …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central
nervous system (CNS), which gives rise to focal lesions in the gray and white matter and to …