Purpose During the last two decades, studies on the theoretical models in the area of
international business (IB), such as gradual internationalization and the born-global firms …

This review article starts from the question: how does the global business system appear to
a challenger firm, and how have challenger Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) from formerly …

Vahlne and Johanson (2017) present the multinational business enterprise (MBE) as a new
form of cross-border organization that supersedes the multinational enterprise (MNE). They …

This study aims to review the scientific research on born global firms' phenomena to date.
Based on a bibliometric analysis of 453 scientific papers on born global firms from the …

Calls for greater contextualization have been powerful in motivating research and
knowledge creation about entrepreneurship. However, unless counter-balanced with …

This article explores the domain of international entrepreneurship (IE) research by
thematically mapping and assessing the intellectual territory of the field. Extant reviews show …

SMEs attempt to accelerate and diversify their international expansion strategies. The
purpose of this article is to identify the internationalization stages followed by traditional …

An increasing number of new venture firms are internationalizing their business operations
early in their life cycles. Previous explanations of this trend have focused on the importance …

We employed knowledge-based theory to shed light on international growth in
entrepreneurial firms. We found earlier initiation of internationalization and greater …

This paper presents a three-stage process of conceptual development in response to the
call for a unifying direction for research in the emergent field of international …