Recognition of pathogen-derived molecules by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a
common feature of both animal and plant innate immune systems. In plants, PRR signalling …

The environmental stress is a major area of scientific concern because it constraints plant as
well as crop productivity. This situation has been further worsened by anthropogenic …

In nature, plants constantly have to face pathogen attacks. However, plant disease rarely
occurs due to efficient immune systems possessed by the host plants. Pathogens are …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are endogenously produced by several plant organelles
and compartments, particularly those with high electron transport rates, such as chloroplasts …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules
downstream of receptors/sensors that transduce extracellular stimuli into intracellular …

Jasmonates (JAs)[Jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonates (MeJAs)] are known to take
part in various physiological processes. Exogenous application of JAs so far tested on …

Plants are continuously exposed to agents such as herbivores and environmental
mechanical stresses that cause wounding and open the way to the invasion by microbial …

Eukaryotic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have evolved to transduce
environmental and developmental signals into adaptive and programmed responses. MAPK …

Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling is important for stress responses and developmental
processes in plants. A subgroup of protein phosphatase 2C (group A PP2C) or SNF1-related …

High salt concentrations in the growing medium can severely affect the growth and
development of plants. It is imperative to understand the different components of salt-tolerant …