It is well established that stress has a major impact on memory, driven by the concerted
action of various stress mediators on the brain. Recent years, however, have seen …

Decades of research has identified the brain areas that are involved in fear, fear extinction,
anxiety and related defensive behaviours. Newly developed genetic and viral tools …

The amygdala has long been associated with emotion and motivation, playing an essential
part in processing both fearful and rewarding environmental stimuli. How can a single …

Although anxiety disorders represent a major societal problem demanding new therapeutic
targets, these efforts have languished in the absence of a mechanistic understanding of this …

When rats come to a decision point, they sometimes pause and look back and forth as if
deliberating over the choice; at other times, they proceed as if they have already made their …

Theta and gamma frequency oscillations occur in the same brain regions and interact with
each other, a process called cross-frequency coupling. Here, we review evidence for the …

The ventral hippocampus (vHPC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and basolateral
amygdala (BLA) are each required for the expression of anxiety-like behavior. Yet the role of …

A specific memory is thought to be encoded by a sparse population of neurons,. These
neurons can be tagged during learning for subsequent identification and manipulation …

We revisit recent evidence showing that nasal respiration entrains oscillations at the same
frequency as breathing in several regions of the rodent brain. Moreover, respiration …

Successfully differentiating safety from danger is an essential skill for survival. While
decreased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is associated with fear …