Elite athletic competitions have separate male and female events due to men's physical
advantages in strength, speed, and endurance so that a protected female category with …

Despite the high prevalence of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, media attention has
focused almost entirely on PED use by elite athletes to illicitly gain a competitive advantage …

Year-round training in a single sport beginning at a relatively young age is increasingly
common among youth. Contributing factors include perceptions of Eastern European sport …

The use of androgens, frequently referred to as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), has
grown into a worldwide substance abuse problem over the last several decades …

Objective To examine the effect of gender affirming hormones on athletic performance
among transwomen and transmen. Methods We reviewed fitness test results and medical …

Athletes and bodybuilders have recognized for several decades that the use of anabolic
steroids can promote muscle growth and strength but it is only relatively recently that these …

Objective To describe and characterise serum androgen levels and to study their possible
influence on athletic performance in male and female elite athletes. Methods 2127 …

Drug abuse occurs in all sports and at most levels of competition. Athletic life may lead to
drug abuse for a number of reasons, including for performance enhancement, to self-treat …

Weightlifting is a dynamic strength and power sport in which two, multijoint, whole-body lifts
are performed in competition; the snatch and clean and jerk. During the performance of …

Background The lifetime prevalence of androgenic anabolic steroid abuse is estimated to be
around 6% for men, but there is limited knowledge about the side effects of these drugs …