Opioid receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that modulate brain function at
all levels of neural integration, including autonomic, sensory, emotional and cognitive …

In states of sodium deficiency many animals seek and consume salty solutions to restore
body fluid homeostasis. These behaviors reflect the presence of sodium appetite that is a …

Since the crucial evolutionary change from an aqueous to a terrestrial environment, all living
organisms address the primordial task of equilibrating the ingestion/production of water and …

The present study demonstrates that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)-containing
axons project to two sets of neurons in the dorsolateral pons that have been implicated in …

The serotoninergic system plays an important role in the ontogeny of the mammalian central
nervous system, and changes in serotonin production during development may lead to …

Changes in body water/sodium balance are tightly controlled by the central nervous system
(CNS) to avoid abnormal cardiovascular function and the development of pathological …

Few data are available on adolescent users because most behavioral studies on anabolic–
androgenic steroids (AAS) abuse have been performed in adults. Studies evaluating the …

The present work was carried out to investigate the role of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1)
receptors in nocturnal thirst and sodium appetite induced by classical models of osmotic and …

Life of terrestrial vertebrates depends on the maintenance of water and salt in the
extracellular compartment (“internal milieu”) within strictly regulated boundaries …

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has an intense consumption of NaCl solution.
Water deprivation (WD) followed by water intake to satiety induces partial rehydration (PR) …