Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was introduced for basic forest measurements, such as tree
height and diameter, in the early 2000s. Recent advances in sensor and algorithm …

Canopy clumping index (CI) characterizes the spatial distribution of leaves or needles within
a vegetation canopy. CI is critical in determining the canopy radiation transfer …

Topographic laser scanning is a remote sensing method to create detailed 3D point cloud
representations of the Earth's surface. Since data acquisition is expensive, simulations can …

The photon recollision probability (p) and spectral invariant theory (p-theory) have gained
much attention in the vegetation remote sensing community over the past decades. A broad …

The past two decades have witnessed the widespread application of the spectral invariant
theory (p-theory) in modeling the shortwave radiation absorbed or scattered by vegetation …

Physically-based methods in remote sensing provide benefits over statistical approaches in
monitoring biophysical characteristics of vegetation. However, physically-based models still …

Photon recollision probability p serves as a critical bond between the spectral characteristics
of the canopy at any wavelength and the reflectance, transmittance, or absorptance of the …

Walkability is one of the issues to be addressed in the planning of smart urban cities.
Although, there is a substantial amount of studies on outdoor walking pedestrian, limited …