Viral mutations acquired during the course of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are
known to be associated with the progression and severity of HBV-related liver disease. This …

Abstract Introduction Toll like receptors (TLRs) and their signaling molecules play important
roles in microbe recognition and induction of immune responses, including production of …

Background The contribution of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the pathogenesis
of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through progressive stages of liver fibrosis is …

Background Hepatitis B is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases and is induced by
hepatitis B virus (HBV). The chronic, asymptomatic, and occult forms of hepatitis B are long …

Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) and retinoic acid-inducible gene 1
(RIG-1) as the pattern recognition receptors play important roles in viral mRNA recognition …

Nucleotide-binding domain leucine repeats (NLRs) are required for the recognition of
various molecules that are expressed within microbes and are able to actuate appropriate …

Context.—Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in immune responses, especially
innate immunity, against viral infections. Toll-like receptor 9 recognizes intracellular viral …

Background and aims TRIF is one of the main intracellular adaptor proteins required for
TLR3 and 4 signaling. Abnormal gene expression of TRIF may lead to abrogated immune …

Background The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is an important cytokine with anti-
inflammatory properties. Objectives The main purpose of this study was to compare the …

CCR5 is an important chemokine receptor involved in the recruitment of specific anti‐viral
immune cells (eg, NK cells and T cytotoxic cells) to the liver. Previous studies indicated that …