Microtubules are core components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton with essential roles in cell
division, shaping, motility and intracellular transport. Despite their functional heterogeneity …

Microtubules are cytoskeletal filaments that are dynamically assembled from α/β-tubulin
heterodimers. The primary sequence and structure of the tubulin proteins and, consequently …

Tubulin and microtubules are subject to a remarkable number of post-translational
modifications. Understanding the roles these modifications play in determining the functions …

A decade has passed since SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) was discovered to be a
reversible post-translational protein modifier. During this time many enzymes that participate …

The eukaryotic ubiquitin family encompasses nearly 20 proteins that are involved in the
posttranslational modification of various macromolecules. The ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) …

Covalent modification by SUMO regulates a wide range of cellular processes, including
transcription, cell cycle, and chromatin dynamics. To address the biological function of the …

Microtubules give rise to intracellular structures with diverse morphologies and dynamics
that are crucial for cell division, motility, and differentiation. They are decorated with …

Microtubules–polymers of tubulin–perform essential functions, including regulation of cell
shape, intracellular transport and cell motility. How microtubules are adapted to perform …

Many of the best-studied actin regulatory proteins use non-covalent means to modulate the
properties of actin. Yet, actin is also susceptible to covalent modifications of its amino acids …

The discovery of the ubiquitin system was awarded with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in
2004. Labeling of intracellular proteins for degradation by a multienzymatic complex, called …