This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by (1)
compulsion to seek and take the drug,(2) loss of control in limiting intake, and (3) emergence …

LTP and LTD, the long-term potentiation and depression of excitatory synaptic transmission,
are widespread phenomena expressed at possibly every excitatory synapse in the …

Experiences, whether they be learning in a classroom, a stressful event, or ingestion of a
psychoactive substance, impact the brain by modifying the activity and organization of …

Addiction is a state of compulsive drug use; despite treatment and other attempts to control
drug taking, addiction tends to persist. Clinical and laboratory observations have converged …

It was suggested in 1986 that cue-induced drug craving in cocaine addicts progressively
increases over the first several weeks of abstinence and remains high for extended periods …

Glutamatergic projections from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to nucleus accumbens
(NAc) contribute to cocaine relapse. Here we show that silent synapse-based remodeling of …

Addiction is caused, in part, by powerful and long-lasting memories of the drug experience.
Relapse caused by exposure to cues associated with the drug experience is a major clinical …

Since its conception three decades ago, the idea that the striatum consists of a dorsal
sensorimotor part and a ventral portion processing limbic information has sparked a quest …

Extinction is a form of inhibitory learning that suppresses a previously conditioned response.
Both fear and drug seeking are conditioned responses that can lead to maladaptive …