Highlights•Urban ecosystems are expanding worldwide with major effects on
biodiversity.•All species are embedded in various antagonistic and mutualistic interactions.• …

Since the 1990s, recognition of urban biodiversity research has increased steadily.
Knowledge of how ecological communities respond to urban pressures can assist in …

As the global urban population is poised to grow by 2.5 billion over the next 30 y, urban land
conversions are expected to be an increasingly prominent driver of habitat and biodiversity …

Aim Urbanization is one of the most significant anthropogenic alterations of the surface of
the Earth and constitutes a major threat to biodiversity at the global level. Arthropods are a …

The increasing urbanization process is hypothesized to drastically alter (semi‐) natural
environments with a concomitant major decline in species abundance and diversity. Yet …

Urban ecology is a field encompassing multiple disciplines and practical applications and
has grown rapidly. However, the field is heterogeneous as a global inquiry with multiple …

Humans challenge the phenotypic, genetic, and cultural makeup of species by affecting the
fitness landscapes on which they evolve. Recent studies show that cities might play a major …

Ecosystems and landscapes around the world have become increasingly domesticated
through urbanization. Cities have been the engines of socioeconomic development but also …

How does nature work in our human-created city, suburb, and exurb/peri-urb? Indeed how is
ecology-including its urban water, soil, air, plant, and animal foundations-spatially entwined …

Cities are uniquely complex systems regulated by interactions and feedbacks between
nature and human society. Characteristics of human society—including culture, economics …