Epidemiological sex differences in anxiety disorders and major depression are well
characterized. Yet the circuits and mechanisms that contribute to these differences are …

Compelling evidence exists for pervasive sex differences in pathological conditions,
including anxiety and depressive disorders, with females more than twice as likely to be …

Environmental challenges are part of daily life for any individual. In fact, stress appears to be
increasingly present in our modern, and demanding, industrialized society. Virtually every …

Importance Depression has been associated with alterations in neurotransmitters,
hormones, and inflammatory and neurodegenerative biomarkers, and biomarkers quantified …

The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis represents a complex neuroendocrine
feedback loop controlling the secretion of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones. Central to its …

Depression is one of the most prevalent forms of mental disorders and is the most common
cause of disability in the Western world. Besides, the harmful effects of stress-related mood …

There are no specific structural neuropathological hallmarks found in the brain of mood
disorders. Instead, there are molecular, functional and structural alterations reported in many …

Dysregulation of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)–urocortin (UCN) system has been
implicated in stress-related psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety. It has been …

We review studies with human and nonhuman species that examine the hypothesis that
epigenetic mechanisms, particularly those affecting the expression of genes implicated in …

Neuropsychiatric disorders, which are associated with stress hormone dysregulation, occur
at different rates in men and women. Moreover, nowadays, preclinical and clinical evidence …