Epidemiological sex differences in anxiety disorders and major depression are well
characterized. Yet the circuits and mechanisms that contribute to these differences are …

Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in men. In women the menstrual cycle
introduces another variable; indeed, some conditions eg, premenstrual syndrome, are …

This article is part of a Special Issue “SBN 2014”. Women are more vulnerable to stress-and
fear-based disorders, such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite the …

Stress has a critical role in the development and expression of many psychiatric disorders,
and is a defining feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress also limits the …

The use of animal models for behavioral and pharmaceutical testing is employed in many
different fields of research but often relies solely on male animals. When females are …

Stress can affect cognition in many ways, with the outcome (ie, facilitating or impairing)
depending on a combination of factors related to both stress and the cognitive function …

Anxiety disorders are a significant problem in the community, and recent neuroimaging
research has focused on determining the brain circuits that underlie them. Research on the …

Women have increased vulnerability to PTSD and anxiety disorders compared to men.
Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of these disorders is critical for identifying …

Fear extinction is a form of inhibitory learning that allows for the adaptive control of
conditioned fear responses. Although fear extinction is an active learning process that …

Convergent data from rodents and human studies have led to the development of models
describing the neural mechanisms of fear extinction. Key components of the now well …