Innate immunity against pathogens relies on an array of immune receptors to detect
molecular patterns that are characteristic of the pathogens, including receptors that are …

Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons, is found in all genomes.
Although synonymous mutations were previously thought to be silent, a large body of …

Wild mammalian species, including bats, constitute the natural reservoir of betacoronavirus
(including SARS, MERS, and the deadly SARS-CoV-2). Different hosts or host tissues …

Recent evidence shows that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-
2) is sensitive to interferons (IFNs). However, the most effective types of IFNs and the …

RNA hydrolysis presents problems in manufacturing, long-term storage, world-wide delivery
and in vivo stability of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines and therapeutics. A largely …

The accurate classification of viral dark matter–metagenomic sequences that originate from
viruses but do not align to any reference virus sequences–is one of the major obstacles in …

Mutating RNA virus genomes to alter codon pair (CP) frequencies and reduce translation
efficiency has been advocated as a method to generate safe, attenuated virus vaccines …

CpG dinucleotides are suppressed in most vertebrate RNA viruses, including HIV-1, and
introducing CpGs into RNA virus genomes inhibits their replication. The zinc finger antiviral …

Enormous progress has been made in global efforts to eradicate poliovirus, using live-
attenuated Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). However, as the incidence of disease due to …

Paralytic polio once afflicted almost half a million children each year. The attenuated oral
polio vaccine (OPV) has enabled world-wide vaccination efforts, which resulted in nearly …