The chemokines (or chemotactic cytokines) are a large family of small, secreted proteins that
signal through cell surface G protein‐coupled heptahelical chemokine receptors. They are …

Single agent checkpoint inhibitor therapy has not been effective for most gastrointestinal
solid tumors, but combination therapy with drugs targeting additional immunosuppressive …

Among heterogeneous primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), gliomas are the
most frequent type, with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) characterized with the worst …

The signaling lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) plays critical roles in an immune
response. Drugs targeting S1P signaling have been remarkably successful in treatment of …

B cell progenitors require paracrine signals such as interleukin-7 (IL-7) provided by bone
marrow stromal cells for proliferation and survival. Yet, how B cells regulate access to these …

At present, it is not clear how memory B lymphocytes are maintained over time, and whether
only as circulating cells or also residing in particular tissues. Here we describe distinct …

Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that promote cell migration and activation under
homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Chemokines bind to seven transmembrane …

Studies over the last decade uncovered overlapping niches for hematopoietic stem cells
(HSC s), multipotent progenitor cells, common lymphoid progenitors, and early B cell …

The brain may sense, evaluate, modulate, and intervene in the operation of immune system,
which would otherwise function autonomously in defense against pathogens. Antibody …

Studies over the last couple of decades have shown that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
are critically dependent on cytokines such as Stem Cell Factor and other signals provided by …