CD4+ T cells play an important role in immune responses against pathogens and cancer
cells. Although their main task is to provide help to other effector immune cells, a growing …

ABSTRACT Approximately 4.4% of the human genome is comprised of endogenous
retroviral sequences, a record of an evolutionary battle between man and retroviruses. Much …

Antiviral immunity often requires CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that actively migrate
and search for virus-infected targets. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to …

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) transformed HIV from a life-threatening disease to a chronic
condition. However, eliminating the virus remains an elusive therapy goal. For several …

The visualization of viral pathogens in infected tissues is an invaluable tool to understand
spatial virus distribution, localization, and cell tropism in vivo. Commonly, virus-infected …

Background Friend virus (FV) is a complex of the Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV)
and the replication-defective, pathogenic spleen focus forming virus (SFFV). In the past, we …

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) motility is an important feature of effective CTL responses and
is impaired when CTLs become exhausted, eg during chronic retroviral infections. A …

During acute viral infections, innate immune cells invade inflamed tissues and face hypoxic
areas. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) adapt cellular responses towards these conditions …

Immunization vectors based on cytomegalovirus (CMV) have attracted a lot of interest in
recent years because of their high efficacy in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) …

Tissue and subcellular localization and its changes upon cell activation of virus-restricting
APOBEC3 at protein levels are important to understanding physiological functions of this …