The review provides a comprehensive update (previous report: Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di
Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non‐invasive technique that is increasingly
used to study the human brain. One of the principal outcome measures is the motor‐evoked …

The transcranial evoked potential (TEP) is a powerful technique to investigate brain
dynamics, but some methodological issues limit its interpretation. A possible contamination …

Studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have demonstrated the importance of
direction and intensity of the applied current when the primary motor cortex (M1) is targeted …

Abstract Background In Parkinson's disease (PD), neurophysiological abnormalities within
the primary motor cortex (M1) have been shown to contribute to bradykinesia, but exact …

Motor fatigue is one of the most common symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.
Previous studies suggested that increased motor fatigue in MS may arise at the central …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a global burden
that affects more often in the elderly. The basal ganglia (BG) is believed to account for …

The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography
(EEG) offers an unparalleled opportunity to study cortical physiology by characterizing brain …

Background Transcranial magnetic stimulation‐electroencephalography (TMS‐EEG) has
demonstrated decreased excitability in the primary motor cortex (M1) and increased …

Writing training has shown clinical benefits in Parkinson's disease (PD), albeit with limited
retention and insufficient transfer effects. It is still unknown whether anodal transcranial …