Macrophage polarization refers to the process by which macrophages can produce two
distinct functional phenotypes: M1 or M2. The balance between both strongly affects the …

Metabolic adaptation to viral infections critically determines the course and manifestations of
disease. At the systemic level, a significant feature of viral infection and inflammation that …

Although the immunomodulatory and cytoprotective properties of itaconate have been
studied extensively, it is not known whether its naturally occurring isomers mesaconate and …

Pathogens and inflammatory conditions rapidly induce the expression of immune-
responsive gene 1 (IRG1) in cells of myeloid lineage. IRG1 encodes an aconitate …

The transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been mainly
investigated as a regulator of redox homeostasis. However, research over the past years …

Endogenous small molecules are metabolic regulators of cell function. Itaconate is a key
molecule that accumulates in cells when the Krebs cycle is disrupted. Itaconate is derived …

Itaconate has emerged as a critical immunoregulatory metabolite. Here, we examined the
therapeutic potential of itaconate in atherosclerosis. We found that both itaconate and the …

Host cell metabolism is essential for the viral replication cycle and, therefore, for productive
infection. Energy (ATP) is required for the receptor-mediated attachment of viral particles to …

Severe forms of malaria are associated with systemic inflammation and host metabolism
disorders; however, the interplay between these outcomes is poorly understood. Using a …

Itaconate is a small molecule metabolite that is endogenously produced by cis-aconitate
decarboxylase-1 (ACOD1) in mammalian cells and influences numerous cellular processes …