During the past few decades, the science of toxicology has been undergoing a
transformation from observational to predictive science. New approach methodologies …

Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) is an important branch of pharmaceutical
sciences. The nature of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and PK …

Microphysiological systems (MPS) are complex and more physiologically realistic cellular in
vitro tools that aim to provide more relevant human in vitro data for quantitative prediction of …

While whole animal studies have their place in risk assessment of food and feed
components, it is thought that more modern approaches such as human focused new …

The number of successful drug development projects has been stagnant for decades
despite major breakthroughs in chemistry, molecular biology, and genetics. Unreliable target …

Improved pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) prediction in the early stages of
drug development is essential to inform lead optimization strategies and reduce attrition …

Uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are expressed in the small
intestines, but prediction of first-pass extraction from the related metabolism is not well …

Recent FDA modernization act 2.0 has led to increasing industrial R&D investment in
advanced in vitro 3D models such as organoids, spheroids, organ-on-chips, 3D bioprinting …

Introduction Low metabolic clearance is usually a highly desirable property of drug
candidates in order to reduce dose and dosing frequency. However, measurement of low …

In vitro clearance assays are routinely conducted in drug discovery to predict in vivo
clearance, but low metabolic turnover compounds are often difficult to evaluate. Hepatocyte …