The study of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is rapidly progressing in many aspects. Novel
BoNTs are being discovered owing to next generation sequencing, but their biologic and …

Since its initial approval in 1989 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of
blepharospasm and other facial spasms, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has evolved into a …

Background Cervical dystonia is managed mainly by repeated botulinum toxin injections.
We aimed to establish whether pallidal neurostimulation could improve symptoms in …

Botulinum toxin, one of the most poisonous biological substances known, is a neurotoxin
produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum elaborates eight …

Botulinum toxin, the most potent biological toxin, has become a powerful therapeutic tool for
a growing number of clinical applications. This review draws attention to new findings about …

Objective: To perform an evidence-based review of the safety and efficacy of botulinum
neurotoxin (BoNT) in the treatment of movement disorders. Methods: A literature search was …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) can be injected to achieve therapeutic benefit across a large
range of clinical conditions. To assess the efficacy and safety of BoNT injections for the …

Botulinum toxin type A is an important therapeutic agent for the treatment of movement and
other disorders. As the clinical uses of botulinum toxin type A expand, it is increasingly …

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is a potent neurotoxin that is produced by the gram-positive, spore-
forming, anaerobic bacterium, Clostridum botulinum. There are 7 known immunologically …

Many rating scales have been applied to the evaluation of dystonia, but only few have been
assessed for clinimetric properties. The Movement Disorders Society commissioned this task …