Toxin–antitoxin systems (TAs) are ubiquitous among bacteria and play a crucial role in the
dissemination and evolution of antibiotic resistance, such as maintaining multi-resistant …

The PIN-domains are small proteins of∼ 130 amino acids that are found in bacteria,
archaea and eukaryotes and are defined by a group of three strictly conserved acidic amino …

The eukaryotic exosome is a ten-subunit 3′ exoribonucleolytic complex responsible for
many RNA-processing and RNA-degradation reactions. How the exosome accomplishes …

Ribosome assembly is a hierarchical process that involves pre-rRNA folding, modification,
and cleavage and assembly of ribosomal proteins. In eukaryotes, this process requires a …

PIN-like domains constitute a widespread superfamily of nucleases, diverse in terms of the
reaction mechanism, substrate specificity, biological function and taxonomic distribution …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are implicated in the downregulation of bacterial cell growth
associated with stress survival and latent tuberculosis infection, yet the activities and …

The largest family of bacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) modules is formed by the vapBC operons,
and these are grouped together by virtue of their toxin components belonging to the PilT N …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are composed of two elements: a toxic protein and an antitoxin
which is either an RNA (type I and III) or a protein (type II). Type II systems are abundant in …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems play important roles in bacterial physiology, such as multidrug
tolerance, biofilm formation, and arrest of cellular growth under stress conditions. To develop …

The chromosome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) encodes forty seven toxin-antitoxin
modules belonging to the VapBC family. The role of these modules in the physiology of Mtb …