The environment, diet, microbiota and body's metabolism shape complex biological
processes in health and disease. However, our understanding of the molecular pathways …

Environmental pollution is one of the most serious challenges to health in the modern world.
Pollutants alter immune responses and can provoke immunotoxicity. In this Review, we …

Recent findings have provided a molecular basis for the combined contributions of
multifaceted risk factors for the onset of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS appears to start as a …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease influenced by both
genetic and environmental factors. Over the last few years, particular attention has been …

The human gut‐resident commensal microbiota is a unique ecosystem associated with
various bodily functions, especially immunity. Gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a crucial role in …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has long been implicated in the induction of a battery
of genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. AhR is a …

The importance of the kynurenine pathway in normal immune system function has led to an
appreciation of its possible contribution to autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation
and subsequent proliferation of synovial tissues, which eventually leads to cartilage and …

Introduction Despite progress in our understanding of disease pathogenesis for systemic
autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD), these diseases are still associated with high …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by joint
destruction and severe morbidity. Cigarette smoking (CS) can exacerbate the incidence and …