Intercellular communication is a key feature of cancer progression and metastasis.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by all cells, including cancer cells, and recent …

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the factors responsible for its
progression need to be elucidated. Exosomes are structures with an average size of 100 nm …

In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has made significant progress. However, tumor
immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (eg, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors) …

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a novel cancer treatment, although recent
immunotherapy trials have produced suboptimal outcomes, with durable responses seen …

Liquid biopsy refers to the sampling and molecular analysis of the biofluids of circulating
tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, nucleic acids, and so forth. Exosomes are small …

In the era of the rapid development of cancer immunotherapy, there is a high level of interest
in the application of cell-released small vesicles that stimulate the immune system. As cell …

Anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or anti-PD-ligand (L) 1 drugs, as classic immune
checkpoint inhibitors, are considered promising treatment strategies for tumors. In clinical …

Exosomes have a crucial role in intercellular communication and mediate interactions
between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Exosome-encapsulated …

Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) participate in formation and progression of different cancer
processes, including tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling, angiogenesis, invasion …

Macrophages, which have functions of engulfing and digesting foreign substances, can
clear away harmful matter, including cellular debris and tumor cells. Based on the condition …