For more than 3.5 billion years, life experienced dramatic environmental extremes on Earth.
These include shifts from oxygen-less to overoxygenated atmospheres and cycling between …

For most of Earth's history life was microbial, with archaeal and bacterial cells mediating
biogeochemical cycles through their metabolisms and ecologies. This diversity was …

In the last three decades, knowledge of planetary systems other than our own has increased
rapidly with the discovery of over 5,000 exoplanets (Christiansen 2022). These worlds vary …

Background Predicting phenotypes from genetic variation is foundational for fields as
diverse as bioengineering and global change biology, highlighting the importance of …

Phototrophic metabolism, the capture of light for energy, was a pivotal biological innovation
that greatly increased the total energy available to the biosphere. Chlorophyll-based …

Rhodopsins are widely distributed across all domains of life where they perform a plethora
of functions through the conversion of electromagnetic radiation into physicochemical …

Conspectus Active transport is a vital and ubiquitous process in biological phenomena. Ion-
pumping rhodopsins are light-driven active ion transporters that share a heptahelical …

The origin of phototrophy was pivotal in increasing the size and scale of the biosphere, as it
allowed organisms to utilize light-driven energy transport to drive biological processes …

The origin of carbon fixation is a fundamental question in astrobiology. While the Calvin
cycle is the most active on the modern Earth, the reductive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle …

For more than 3.5 billion years, life experienced dramatic environmental extremes on Earth.
These include shifts from oxygen-less to over-oxygenated atmospheres and cycling …