Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. In the
National Kidney Foundation Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines it is stressed that …

Background Ureteral colic is a common reason for patients to seek medical care. Alpha‐
blockers are commonly used to improve stone passage through so‐called medical expulsive …

Background Phosphate binders are used to reduce positive phosphate balance and to lower
serum phosphate levels for people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with the aim to …

Background Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection that can lead to
significant morbidity including stricture, abscess formation, fistula, bacteraemia, sepsis …

Background Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in children. Symptoms include fever,
lethargy, anorexia, and vomiting. UTI is caused by Escherichia coli in over 80% of cases and …

Background Hydroxyethyl starches (HES) are synthetic colloids commonly used for fluid
resuscitation to replace intravascular volume, yet they have been increasingly associated …

Background Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) results in urine passing retrograde up the ureter.
Urinary tract infections (UTI) associated with VUR have been considered a cause of …

Background Early referral of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is believed to help
with interventions to address risk factors to slow down the rate of progression of kidney …

Background Biocompatible peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions, including neutral pH, low
glucose degradation product (GDP) solutions and icodextrin, have previously been shown to …

Background Interleukin 2 receptor antagonists (IL2Ra) are used as induction therapy for
prophylaxis against acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients. Use of IL2Ra has …