This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Trait impulsivity is a multifaceted personality characteristic that contributes to maladaptive
life outcomes. Although a growing body of neuroimaging studies have investigated the …

A frequent assumption in value-based decision-making tasks is that agents make decisions
based on the feature dimension that reward probabilities vary on. However, in complex …

Background Men and women show differences in sensitivity to reward and punishment,
which may impact behavior in health and disease. However, the neural bases of these sex …

Fear memories are important for survival and are implicated in the etiology of fear disorders
such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Fear memories are well studied pre …

Rationale Individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) exhibit impaired decision making and
elevated risk-taking behavior. In contrast to the effects of natural and semi-synthetic opioids …

Individuals differ in their sensitivity to the adverse consequences of their actions, leading
some to persist in maladaptive behaviors. Two pathways have been identified for this …

Social motivation is critical to the development of typical social functioning. Social
motivation, specifically one or more of its components (eg, social reward seeking or social …

Psychiatric diseases characterized by dysregulated risky decision making are differentially
represented in males and females. The factors that govern such sex differences, however …

Several studies have suggested that females and males differ in reward behaviors and their
underlying neural circuitry. Whether human sex differences extend across neural and …