Kaposi sarcoma (KS) gained public attention as an AIDS-defining malignancy; its
appearance on the skin was a highly stigmatizing sign of HIV infection during the height of …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins belonging to the family of pattern-
recognition receptors. They function as sensors of invading pathogens through recognition …

Viruses are intracellular pathogens that hijack host cell machinery and resources to
replicate. Rather than being constant, host physiology is rhythmic, undergoing circadian (∼ …

The latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is
mainly localized and functions in the nucleus of latently infected cells, playing a pivotal role …

Emergence of new, pandemic-level viral threats has brought to the forefront the importance
of viral immunology and continued improvement of antiviral therapies. Interleukin-27 (IL-27) …

Bacterial biofilms are associated with numerous human infections. The predominant protein
expressed in enteric biofilms is the amyloid curli, which forms highly immunogenic …

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an important transcription factor that induces the expression of
antiviral genes and viral genes. NF-κB activation needs the activation of NF-κB upstream …

Highlights•NF-κB transcription factors regulate the expression of hundreds of genes in
immune responses.•NF-κB activation by PRRs constitutes a research frontier in infection and …

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with KS, primary
effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). To ensure its own …

Background Chronic infections with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 are highly prevalent
in populations worldwide and cause recurrent oral lesions in up to 40% of infected subjects …