Taurine is an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, and provides a substrate
for the formation of bile salts. It plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium …

Glaucoma is a group of diseases characterized by progressive optic nerve degeneration that
results in visual field loss and irreversible blindness. A crucial element in the …

Located between vessels of the choriocapillaris and light-sensitive outer segments of the
photoreceptors, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) closely interacts with photoreceptors in …

Müller glial cells span the entire thickness of the tissue, and ensheath all retinal neurons, in
vertebrate retinae of all species. This morphological relationship is reflected by a multitude …

Diseases that affect the eye, including photoreceptor degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and
glaucoma, affect 11.8 million people in the US, resulting in vision loss and blindness. Loss of …

Müller cells are active players in normal retinal function and in virtually all forms of retinal
injury and disease. Reactive Müller cells protect the tissue from further damage and …

Virtually all pathogenic stimuli activate Müller cells. Reactive Müller cells exert protective
and toxic effects on photoreceptors and neurons. They contribute to oxidative stress and …

The RPE65 gene encodes the isomerase of the retinoid cycle, the enzymatic pathway that
underlies mammalian vision. Mutations in RPE65 disrupt the retinoid cycle and cause a …

In mature mammals, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are unable to regenerate their axons after
optic nerve injury, and they soon undergo apoptotic cell death. However, a small puncture …

Visual perception occurs when radiation with a wavelength between 400 and 760 nm
reaches the retina. The retina has evolved to capture photons efficiently and initiate visual …