In the past two decades, much evidence has accumulated unequivocally demonstrating that
child abuse and neglect is associated with a marked increase in risk for major psychiatric …

Background Childhood trauma is a common and potent risk factor for developing major
depressive disorder in adulthood, associated with earlier onset, more chronic or recurrent …

Objectives: Evidence suggests that childhood maltreatment may negatively affect not only
the lifetime risk of depression but also clinically relevant measures of depression, such as …

Despite a large amount of research on depression and abuse, there is still a controversy on
how abuse is measured and on childhood trauma's effect on the physiological function of …

Childhood adversities have been associated with onset and worse clinical presentations of
depression. Epigenetic changes may reflect childhood adversities, while their effects on …

Epidemiological, clinical, and neurobiological studies of the last 30 years suggest that
traumatic attachments during the early years of life are associated to specific …

Backgrounds. Clinicians need guidance to address the heterogeneity of treatment
responses of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). While prediction schemes …

Gene-by-environment interactions (G× Es) can provide important biological insights into
psychiatric disorders and may consequently have direct clinical implications. In this review …

Background Accumulated evidence suggests that childhood emotional abuse is particularly
related to adulthood depression. However, this connection demands further explanation …

Research has suggested a relationship between early life stress, and depression in
particular longer episodes of depression with treatment resistant outcomes. However, the …