Botulinum toxin (BTX) is a bacterial toxin that could be used as a medicine. Clinical
applications of BTX have been expanding over the last 30 years and novel applications …

Management of oculomotor nerve palsy depends in part upon the underlying cause and
anatomical location of the lesion. Careful clinical evaluation and appropriate imaging can …

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There is a long and extensive experience with the use of Botulinum Toxin type A (BoNT-A)
injection in the treatment of different types of strabismus and oculomotor palsies. The …

Background Isolated oculomotor nerve palsy is rarely encountered after mild traumatic brain
injury. It is difficult to offer patients accurate management strategies or prognostic …

Objective To determine the effect of botulinum toxin in different types of strabismus and
analyze its dose effect. Design This was an interventional clinical study performed in a …

Purpose To review the available evidence comparing the effectiveness of extraocular
muscle botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) injection with eye muscle surgery for restoring ocular …

Aims: To elucidate the intramuscular distribution and branching patterns of the abducens
nerve in the lateral rectus (LR) muscle so as to provide anatomical confirmation of the …

Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes of botulinum toxin injection into the inferior oblique (IO)
muscle for management of unilateral acute traumatic superior oblique (SO) palsy. Methods …

Ocular nerve palsies are among the most common cranial neuropathies in neurological
practice. Nerves can get affected anywhere along their path from the brainstem to the orbit …