While scientific advances have led to large-scale production and widespread distribution of
vaccines and antiviral drugs, viruses still remain a major cause of human diseases today …

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) of humans is caused by two lentiviruses,
human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2). Here, we describe the …

German Advisory Committee Blood (Arbeitskreis Blut), Subgroup 'Assessment of Pathogens
Transmissible by Blood'tein, TM) are derived. In addition to the structural proteins, the HIV …

Three-dimensional molecular structures can provide detailed information on biological
mechanisms and, for cases in which the molecular function affects human health, can …

Abstract paml, currently in version 4, is a package of programs for phylogenetic analyses of
DNA and protein sequences using maximum likelihood (ML). The programs may be used to …

Many organisms that cause infectious diseases, particularly RNA viruses, mutate so rapidly
that their evolutionary and ecological behaviours are inextricably linked. Consequently …

Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses with a genome of
approximately 30 kb. Based on genetic similarities, coronaviruses are classified into three …

Air, sea and land transport networks continue to expand in reach, speed of travel and
volume of passengers and goods carried. Pathogens and their vectors can now move …

The major cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have been using evolutionary comparisons to …

Understanding the evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is crucial for
reconstructing its origin, deciphering its interaction with the immune system and developing …