The mammalian intestine is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that have co-evolved
with the host in a symbiotic relationship. The presence of large numbers of symbionts near …

Microbe–host communication is essential to maintain vital functions of a healthy host, and its
disruption has been associated with several diseases, including Crohn's disease and …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic complex inflammatory gut pathological
condition, examples of which include Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) …

Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine composed of two subunits, IL-23A (p19)
and IL-12/23B (p40), the latter shared with Interleukin-12 (IL-12). IL-23 is mainly produced …

Host–microbiota interactions are fundamental for the development of the immune system.
Drastic changes in modern environments and lifestyles have led to an imbalance of this …

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a common type of spondyloarthropathy, is a chronic
inflammatory autoimmune disease that mainly affects spine joints, causing severe, chronic …

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is part of a group of closely related clinical phenotypes ('psoriatic
disease') that is defined by shared molecular pathogenesis resulting in excessive …

The intestinal tract of mammals is colonized by a large number of microorganisms including
trillions of bacteria that are referred to collectively as the gut microbiota. These indigenous …

The role of the gut microbiome in models of inflammatory and autoimmune disease is now
well characterized. Renewed interest in the human microbiome and its metabolites, as well …

Our current understanding of immunology was largely defined in laboratory mice, partly
because they are inbred and genetically homogeneous, can be genetically manipulated …