The abundance of innate and adaptive immune cells that reside together with trillions of
beneficial commensal microorganisms in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract requires …

Probiotics are beneficial microbes that confer a realistic health benefit on the host, which in
combination with prebiotics,(indigestible dietary fibre/carbohydrate), also confer a health …

Signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is critical for
intestinal homeostasis. To visualize epithelial expression of individual TLRs in vivo, we …

A single layer of epithelial cells lines the small and large intestines and functions as a barrier
between commensal bacteria and the rest of the body. Ligation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) …

Our understanding of the microbial involvement in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
pathogenesis has increased exponentially over the past decade. The development of newer …

Aberrant immune responses to resident microbes promote inflammatory bowel disease and
other chronic inflammatory conditions. However, how microbiota-specific immunity is …

While bidirectional brain–gut interactions are well known mechanisms for the regulation of
gut function in both healthy and diseased states, a role of the enteric flora—including both …

The gastrointestinal mucosal surface is lined with epithelial cells representing an effective
barrier made up with intercellular junctions that separate the inner and the outer …

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are idiopathic inflammatory bowel disorders. In this
paper, we discuss how environmental factors (eg, geography, cigarette smoking, sanitation …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are powerful molecular regulators by which the immune system
may “sense” the environment and protect the host from pathogens or endogenous threats. In …