Abstract Organs-on-chips (OoCs) are systems containing engineered or natural miniature
tissues grown inside microfluidic chips. To better mimic human physiology, the chips are …

The failure of animal models to predict therapeutic responses in humans is a major problem
that also brings into question their use for basic research. Organ-on-a-chip (organ chip) …

Background Conventional preclinical models often miss drug toxicities, meaning the harm
these drugs pose to humans is only realized in clinical trials or when they make it to market …

The rapid repurposing of antivirals is particularly pressing during pandemics. However,
rapid assays for assessing candidate drugs typically involve in vitro screens and cell lines …

Precision oncology continues to challenge the “one-size-fits-all” dogma. Under the precision
oncology banner, cancer patients are screened for molecular tumor alterations that predict …

Simple Summary Cell cultures can be carried out in three dimensions (3D). Organoids and
spheroids are different 3D cell culture models that can be cultured with different techniques …

Biomedical research is undergoing a paradigm shift towards approaches centred on human
disease models owing to the notoriously high failure rates of the current drug development …

Multiorgan-on-a-chip (multi-OoC) platforms have great potential to redefine the way in which
human health research is conducted. After briefly reviewing the need for comprehensive …

For the past century, experimental data obtained from animal studies have been required by
reviewers of scientific articles and grant applications to validate the physiological relevance …

Analyses of drug pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs) performed in
animals are often not predictive of drug PKs and PDs in humans, and in vitro PK and PD …