Snake venoms are mixtures of toxins that vary extensively between and within snake
species. This variability has serious consequences for the management of the world's 1.8 …

There is increasing recognition of the public health importance of snakebite envenoming.
Worldwide annual incidence is likely to be 5 million bites, with mortality exceeding 150 000 …

Venoms are integrated phenotypes that evolved independently in, and are used for
predatory and defensive purposes by, a wide phylogenetic range of organisms. The same …

Snakebite envenoming (SBE) is a priority neglected tropical disease, which kills in excess of
100,000 people per year. Additionally, many millions of survivors also suffer through …

Fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution, snake venoms have frightened but also
fascinated humanity and nowadays they constitute potential resources for drug …

Snake venoms represent a danger to human health, but also a gold mine of bioactive
proteins that can be harnessed for drug discovery purposes. The evolution of snakes and …

Animal venom systems have emerged as valuable models for investigating how novel
polygenic phenotypes may arise from gene evolution by varying molecular mechanisms …

A central goal in biology is to determine the ways in which evolution repeats itself. One of the
most remarkable examples in nature of convergent evolutionary novelty is animal venom …

The classic model for the evolution of novel gene function is through gene duplication
followed by evolution of a new function by one of the copies (neofunctionalization)[1, 2] …

Venom is a key adaptive innovation in snakes, and how nonvenom genes were co-opted to
become part of the toxin arsenal is a significant evolutionary question. While this process …