Observation‐based and modeling studies have identified the Eastern Mediterranean and
Middle East (EMME) region as a prominent climate change hotspot. While several initiatives …

Time-variable gravity measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
(GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) missions have opened up a new avenue of …

Glaciers distinct from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are shrinking rapidly, altering
regional hydrology, raising global sea level and elevating natural hazards. Yet, owing to the …

The rate of global-mean sea-level rise since 1900 has varied over time, but the contributing
factors are still poorly understood. Previous assessments found that the summed …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Abstract The Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise in
recent decades,, and it is expected to continue to be so. Although increases in glacier flow …

Time-resolved satellite gravimetry has revolutionized understanding of mass transport in the
Earth system. Since 2002, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) has …

Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key
ocean climate change indicators:(i) Sea Surface Temperature,(ii) Ocean Heat Content,(iii) …

Despite considerable advances in process understanding, numerical modeling, and the
observational record of ice sheet contributions to global mean sea-level rise (SLR) since the …

Coastal subsidence contributes to relative sea-level rise and exacerbates flooding hazards,
with the at-risk population expected to triple by 2070. Natural processes of vertical land …