Neurotransmission unavoidably increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. However,
the intrinsic antioxidant defense of neurons is weak and hence the mechanism whereby …

Background Brain ischemia initiates several metabolic events leading to neuronal death.
These events mediate large amount of damage that arises after some neurodegenerative …

The NMDA receptor, which is heavily involved in several human brain diseases, is a
heteromeric ligand-gated ion channel that interacts with multiple intracellular proteins …

Extracellular glutamate accumulation following cerebral ischemia leads to overactivation of
glutamate receptors, thereby resulting in intracellular Ca2+ overload and excitotoxic …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in neuronal survival
through activation of TrkB receptors. The trkB gene encodes a full-length receptor tyrosine …

Background Epilepsy is the most predominant neurological disorder characterized by
recurrent seizures. Despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs, epilepsy still is a challenge to …

Background Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in term-born infants can lead to
memory problems. The hippocampus is important for long-term episodic memory. The …

Dysfunction of glutamate transporters has been proposed to promote neuronal death in
modelled cerebral ischemia. However, these studies have produced conflicting results and …

Transient brain ischemia in gerbils is a common model to study the mechanisms of neuronal
changes in the hippocampus. In cornu ammonnis 2–3, dentate gyrus (CA2-3, DG) regions of …

Glutamate excitotoxicity mediated by NMDA receptor activation plays a key role in many
aspects of ischemic brain injury, but the expression of NMDA receptor subunits NR1, NR2A …