Abstract According to the World Health Organization, severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has already infected more than 400 million people and …

A hallmark of COVID-19 is the variety of complications that follow SARS-CoV-2 infection in
some patients, and that target multiple organs and tissues. Also remarkable are the …

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA booster vaccines provide protection from severe disease, eliciting
strong immunity that is further boosted by previous infection. However, it is unclear whether …

Memory B cells are comprised of unswitched (CD27+ IgD+) and switched (CD27+ IgD-)
subsets. The origin and function of unswitched human memory B cells are debated in the …

Double negative (DN) B cells (CD27-IgD-) comprise a heterogenous population of DN1,
DN2, and the recently described DN3 and DN4 subsets. In autoimmune disease, DN2 cells …

The dialogue between T and B cells can be regulated by different mechanisms, such as co-
inhibitory receptors, which therefore play a crucial role in preventing autoimmune diseases …

Autoimmunity is a common phenomenon reported in many globally relevant infections,
including malaria and COVID-19. These and other highly inflammatory diseases have been …

Antibodies are theoretically limitless in their diversity and specificity to foreign antigens;
however they are constrained by the need to avoid binding to self. Germinal centers (GC) …

Long COVID-19 affects a significant percentage of patients and is characterized by a wide
range of symptoms, including weariness and mental fog as well as emotional symptoms like …

Introduction B cells play a pivotal role in adaptive immunity which has been extensively
characterised primarily via flow cytometry-based gating strategies. This study addresses the …