Ten years ago,'Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian
perspective'was published. At the time, our understanding of the reptilian immune system …

It has now become accepted that the immune system and neuroendocrine system form an
integrated part of our physiology. Immunological defense mechanisms act in concert with …

From plants to mammals, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) specifically recognize DNA,
as a potential marker of either infection or damage. These receptors play critical roles in …

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NOD-like receptors or NLRs) are
key members of the immune system that act as intracellular sentinels. These pathogen …

Simple Summary Sea Turtles have a unique immune system, which evolved over millions of
years in the persistent host-pathogen arms race. As this species occupies a unique …

Emerging evidence reveals that the stimulator of the interferon genes (STING) signaling
pathway in insects and other animal cells helps them to sense and effectively respond to …

Nesfatin-1 is a crucial regulator of energy homeostasis in mammals and fishes, however, its
metabolic role remains completely unexplored in amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Therefore …

Introduction Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) recognize lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from bacteria
as their conventional ligands and undergo downstream signaling to produce cytokines. They …

Nesfatin-1 has recently emerged as a modulator of ovarian functions in mammals. Studies in
non-mammalian vertebrates, though limited and majorly restricted to fishes, have evidenced …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in the host's innate immune system.
Among the PPRs, the RIG-I-like (RLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are two important …