Abstract Theory of optical turbulence in underwater medium and the effects of underwater
turbulence on various applications done in underwater or under ocean are reviewed. A …

The growing importance of underwater networks (UNs) in mission‐critical activities at sea
enforces the need for secure underwater communications (UCs). Classical encryption …

Atmospheric free space and fiber have been widely exploited as the channels for quantum
communication, and have enabled intercontinent and intercity applications. An air-sea free …

As threats in the maritime domain diversify, securing data transmission becomes critical for
underwater wireless networks designed for the surveillance of critical infrastructure and …

To establish a secure and high-bandwidth communication link between the gateway node
and the central node in the internet of underwater things (IoUwT), it is meaningful to …

The growing importance of Underwater Networks (UNs) in mission-critical activities at sea
enforces the need for secure Underwater Communications (UCs). Classical encryption …

In this paper, we consider underwater quantum key distribution (QKD) systems with time-
gated single photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs) and present a comprehensive …

Decoy state quantum key distribution protocols have been studied for atmospheric, fiber,
and satellite links; however, those results are not directly applicable to underwater …

The current literature on quantum key distribution (QKD) is mainly limited to the
transmissions over fiber optic, atmospheric or satellite links and are not directly applicable to …

Absorption, scattering, and turbulence experienced in underwater channels severely limit
the range of quantum communication links. In this paper, as a potential solution to overcome …