Bone grafts have been predominated used to treat bone defects, delayed union or non-
union, and spinal fusion in orthopaedic clinically for a period of time, despite the emergency …

The transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) family forms a group of three isoforms, TGF‐β1,
TGF‐β2, and TGF‐β3, with their structure formed by interrelated dimeric polypeptide chains …

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been utilized for many years as a regenerative agent
capable of inducing vascularization of various tissues using blood-derived growth factors …

Introduction• Bone fracture healing and healing problems• Biomaterial scaffolds and tissue
engineering in bone formation‐Bone tissue engineering‐Biomaterial scaffolds‐Synthetic …

Presently, there is a high paucity of bone grafts in the United States and worldwide.
Regenerating bone is of prime concern due to the current demand of bone grafts and the …

Platelet‐rich plasma is defined as autologous blood with a concentration of platelets above
baseline values. Platelet‐rich plasma has been used in maxillofacial and plastic surgery …

Background: The recent emergence of autologous blood concentrates, such as platelet-rich
plasma, as a treatment option for patients with orthopaedic injuries has led to an extensive …

Non-union of bone following fracture is an orthopaedic condition with a high morbidity and
clinical burden. Despite its estimated global prevalence of nine million annually, the limit of …

Complications in treatment of large bone defects using bone grafting still remain. Our
understanding of the endogenous bone regeneration cascade has inspired the exploration …

Bone problems can have a highly deleterious impact on life and society, therefore
understanding the mechanisms of bone repair is important. In vivo studies show that bone …