This mini-review summarizes the current evidence for the role of macrophage activation and
polarization in inflammation and immune response pertinent to interstitial lung disease …

The macrophage is a key cell in the pro-and anti-inflammatory response including that of the
inflammatory microenvironment of malignant tumors. Much current drug development in …

Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology characterized by tissue
infiltration with macrophages and lymphocytes and associated non-caseating granuloma …

Despite the large number of performed studies, the etiology and pathogenesis of sarcoidosis
still remain unknown. Most researchers allude to the possible autoimmune or immune …

Sarcoidosis is an enigmatic multisystem disease characterized by the development and
accumulation of granulomas: a compact collection of macrophages that have differentiated …

Sarcoidosis is an immune-mediated disorder. Its immunopathology has been steadily
mapped out over the past few decades. Despite this, the underpinning mechanisms for …

Metabolic reprogramming is rapidly gaining appreciation in the etiology of immune cell
dysfunction in a variety of diseases. Tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, and sarcoidosis …

Purpose Pulmonary fibrosis caused by COVID-19 pneumonia is a serious complication of
COVID-19 infection, there is a lack of effective treatment methods clinically. This article …

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by the presence of
noncaseating granulomas that can occur in any organ, most commonly the lungs. Early and …

Purpose. Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease with unknown etiology. Many
clinical presentations have been reported, and acute disease needs to be distinguished …