Large mammalian herbivores (megafauna) have experienced extinctions and declines since
prehistory. Introduced megafauna have partly counteracted these losses yet are thought to …

Declines of many bumble bee species have raised concerns because of their importance as
pollinators and potential harbingers of declines among other insect taxa. At present, bumble …

Wild lupine (Lupinus perennis) is a perennial plant originally found primarily throughout the
United States and Canada in oak savannas, which are considered an ecotone between …

As an important ecosystem, the wild fruit forest in the Tianshan Mountains is one of the
origins of many fruit trees in the world. The wild fruit forest in Emin County, Xinjiang, China …

Two of the major factors that control the composition of herbaceous plant communities are
competition for limiting soil resources and herbivory. We present results from a 14-year full …

The predominantly tropical ophionine genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 is one of the
largest genera of Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), with more than 700 extant …

A considerably large number of shelterbelts were established in Japan to increase crop
yields in agricultural landscapes. Shelterbelt landscapes have multiple functions; they not …

Deer, both native and non-native, can damage forest ecosystems when occurring at high
densities, impacting biodiversity and ecological functioning at multiple levels. The ecological …

Abandoned land management threatens the maintenance of the diversity of flower‐visiting
insects and flowering plants. In recent years, cattle grazing on abandoned land has been …

Questions Deer‐proof fencing is an essential conservation tool to protect and recover plant
species diversity in deer‐overbrowsed ecosystems, including species‐rich sub‐alpine …