From the homeostasis of human health to the cycling of Earth's elements, microbial activities
underlie environmental, medical and industrial processes. These activities occur in chemical …

Adaptive laboratory evolution is a frequent method in biological studies to gain insights into
the basic mechanisms of molecular evolution and adaptive changes that accumulate in …

When bacteria grow in a medium with two sugars, they first use the preferred sugar and only
then start metabolizing the second one. After the first exponential growth phase, a short lag …

Microbes and microbiology are seldom encountered in philosophical accounts of the life
sciences. Although microbiology is a well-established science and microbes the basis of life …

Although reports of flow cytometry (FCM) applied to bacterial analysis are increasing,
studies of FCM related to human cells still vastly outnumber other reports. However, current …

When Charles Darwin formulated the central principles of evolutionary biology in the Origin
of Species in 1859 and the architects of the Modern Synthesis integrated these principles …

Genetically identical cells exhibit large variability (noise) in gene expression, with important
consequences for cellular function. Although the amount of noise decreases with and is thus …

Microbes in the wild face highly variable and unpredictable environments and are naturally
selected for their average growth rate across environments. Apart from using sensory …

The division of labour is a central feature of the most sophisticated biological systems,
including genomes, multicellular organisms and societies, which took millions of years to …

Organisms can protect themselves against future environmental change. An example is
cross-protection, where physiological adaptation against a present environmental stressor …