Anaphase B spindle elongation is characterized by the sliding apart of overlapping
antiparallel interpolar (ip) microtubules (MTs) as the two opposite spindle poles separate …

A facilitative transport system exists on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that has been tacitly
assumed to be a path for glutamate entry to the brain. However, glutamate is a non-essential …

During cell division, spindle microtubules ensure an equal repartition of chromosomes
between the two daughter cells. While the kinetochore-dependent mechanisms that drive …

During cell division, chromosome congression to the spindle center, their orientation along
the spindle long axis and alignment at the metaphase plate depend on interactions between …

Organisms that reproduce sexually utilize a specialized form of cell division called meiosis to
reduce their chromosome number by half to generate haploid gametes. Meiosis in females …

Anaphase chromosome movement is thought to be mediated by pulling forces generated by
end-on attachment of microtubules to the outer face of kinetochores. However, it has been …

The universal triple-nucleotide genetic code is often viewed as a given, randomly selected
through evolution. However, as summarized in this article, many observations and …

In many species, oocyte meiosis is carried out in the absence of centrioles. As a result,
microtubule organization, spindle assembly, and chromosome segregation proceed by …

While centrosomes organize spindle poles during mitosis, oocyte meiosis can occur in their
absence. Spindles in human oocytes frequently fail to maintain bipolarity and consequently …

In most species, oocytes lack centrosomes. Accurate meiotic spindle assembly and
chromosome segregation–essential to prevent miscarriage or developmental defects–thus …